Page 18 - Kotov

The Unified System
On March 18, 1968, the USSR Ministry of Radio Industry, which was responsible for production of the comput-
ers, issued a directive to start the development of the ES (Edinaya Systema, or Unified System) computer family,
called also Ryad (Series). The head coordinator of the program became the newly organized the R&D Center
of Electronic Computer Technology (NICEVT) in Moscow (according to The Guinness Book of Records, the
NICEVT has the longest building in the world):

The NICEVT, as the ES head organization, coordinated the activities of many other R&D centers both in the So-
viet Union and in the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon) countries (see the Comecon exhibit).
Most of the centers that had been developing the popular Soviet computers families (see Computer Families) in
1960s, such as Ural in Penza, Minsk in Minsk, Nairi in Yerevan, and others were redirected to develop specific
members (or components) of the ES family. The proprietary domestic computer dynasties have been exterminat-
ed, except for those organizations that worked for the defense and some research projects in the USSR Academy
of Sciences.

The Unified System I
The first computers of the Unified System were introduced in 1971–73.
The ES-1020 (20,000 instructions per second and the memory capacity
of 64-256 Kbyte) was created in Minsk. It was delivered with the DOS
operating system, the Cobol, PL-1, and Fortran-4 translators and allowed
to perform simultaneously three tasks.
The ES-1030 (70,000 instructions per second and the memory capacity of
128-512 Kbyte) was released in Yerevan. The ES-1040 was launched in The ES-1020
Karl-Marx-Stadt (now Chemnitz) in the East Germany and the ES-1050
in the NICEVT.

The Unified System II
In the summer of 1972, the first meeting of the chief designers of the
ES computers raised the question about the second series of the Unified
System that should be fully software compatible with the computers of
the IBM S/370 series with a larger RAM, virtual memory organization,
as well as increased performance and accuracy.
In 1977-1978, the computers of the second series Unified System were
created. The EC-1035, EC-1045, and EC-1060 were made in the USSR,
Hungary produced the EU-1025, and East Germany introduced the
EC-1055.
The EC-1060 has stood out of its brethren. Its speed was 1.05 million The ES-1060
operations per second, the RAM memory volume was up to 1.8 MB,
the total bandwidth was 9 MB / sec. The operating system OS 6.1 had
the regime of virtual memory, means of diagnostics and recovery, a run-time debugging monitor, an optimizing
compiler from the language of PL-1 and the software packages that came with it.
Later on, the ES-1060 was upgraded to the ES-1061. This computer had doubled performance, better reliability,
smaller size, cost, and power consumption.
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